{"id":6152,"date":"2024-09-24T15:02:28","date_gmt":"2024-09-24T15:02:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.daysofwonder.com\/?p=6152"},"modified":"2025-03-07T11:56:30","modified_gmt":"2025-03-07T11:56:30","slug":"memoire-44-20-ans-80-ans-dhistoire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.daysofwonder.com\/fr\/games-news\/memoire-44-20-ans-80-ans-dhistoire\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9moire 44, 20 ans, 80 ans d\u2019Histoire"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

En 2004, les comm\u00e9morations du 60e<\/sup> anniversaire du D\u00e9barquement de Normandie battent leur plein. Pour c\u00e9l\u00e9brer ce qui fut le d\u00e9but de la fin d\u2019un conflit meurtrier et plan\u00e9taire, les autorit\u00e9s fran\u00e7aises ont mis les petits plats dans les grands. Les c\u00e9r\u00e9monies officielles sont retransmises en \u00e9ditions sp\u00e9ciales sur toutes les cha\u00eenes. On ne compte plus les hommages aux combattants disparus sur les champs de bataille. La Mission du 60e<\/sup> Anniversaire des D\u00e9barquements et de la Lib\u00e9ration de la France a alors l\u2019id\u00e9e de parrainer un jeu de soci\u00e9t\u00e9, pour transmettre le souvenir de ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements aux plus jeunes g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. Ce sera M\u00e9moire 44.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e9moire 44 aurait pu \u00eatre un jeu \u00e9ducatif classique et oublier le plaisir de la r\u00e9flexion au profit de l\u2019apprentissage de dates et d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nements. A la place, l\u2019auteur am\u00e9ricain Richard Borg a propos\u00e9 un vrai \u00ab\u00a0wargame\u00a0\u00bb, sans la lourdeur du genre. Car le jeu de guerre est un genre en soi, dont les origines remontent aux origines du jeu lui-m\u00eame. Jouer aux petits soldats sur des plateaux qui repr\u00e9sentent des champs de bataille serait m\u00eame l\u2019une des pr\u00e9mices des \u00e9checs. Les simulations de bataille, elles, se d\u00e9veloppent particuli\u00e8rement en Prusse au XIXe si\u00e8cle, sous l\u2019appellation de Kriegsspiel. C\u2019est l\u2019une des rares formes de jeux qui apparaisse comme l\u00e9gitime, acceptable, parce qu\u2019elle enseigne l\u2019art de la guerre et des op\u00e9rations. Elle fait partie de la formation des princes, comme des cursus des acad\u00e9mies militaires. Le d\u00e9faut des wargames reste leur complexit\u00e9, leur lourdeur, la dur\u00e9e impressionnante de leurs parties (et le co\u00fbt du mat\u00e9riel n\u00e9cessaire). En cela, M\u00e9moire 44 propose une tout autre exp\u00e9rience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des sc\u00e9narios \u00e0 encha\u00eener<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e9moire 44 propose donc aux joueurs une \u00e9pop\u00e9e fa\u00e7on Band of Brothers. Les 15 sc\u00e9narios pr\u00e9sentes dans la bo\u00eete de base reconstituent des \u00e9v\u00e9nements historiques. On d\u00e9marre en juin 44 en Normandie, on m\u00e8nera la bataille des Ardennes, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Lib\u00e9ration. Le jeu n\u2019impose pas de suivre l\u2019ordre chronologique, m\u00eame si certains \u00e9pisodes sont plus compliqu\u00e9s que d\u2019autres (et donc m\u00e9ritent d\u2019\u00eatre abord\u00e9s apr\u00e8s quelques parties d\u2019initiation). S\u2019il s\u2019inspire d\u2019un d\u00e9roul\u00e9 pr\u00e9cis et d\u00e9crit une situation, M\u00e9moire 44 n\u2019est pas un \u00ab legacy \u00bb. Il ne fonctionne pas sur base de parties \u00e0 usage unique. Ses diff\u00e9rentes batailles peuvent \u00eatre jou\u00e9es, et rejou\u00e9es, ind\u00e9pendamment et ind\u00e9finiment, car la gr\u00e2ce du hasard et des choix tactiques des adversaires les renouvelle sans cesse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On ne peut pas non plus le d\u00e9crire comme un jeu \u00ab\u00a0narratif\u00a0\u00bb. Vous ne serez pas Le Soldat Ryan qui passe de village en village. Vous serez le commandant qui place ses unit\u00e9s pour conqu\u00e9rir un terrain case par case. M\u00e9moire 44 ne raconte pas une histoire\u2026 mais il donne \u00e0 comprendre ce qui s\u2019est r\u00e9ellement pass\u00e9 derri\u00e8re ces barbel\u00e9s et sur ces chemins de campagne envahis par des tanks. Comme Cold War ou Twilight Struggle, il s\u2019inspire de l\u2019Histoire pour cr\u00e9er du jeu, sans la trahir ni la tourner en d\u00e9rision. On ne joue pas \u00e0 la guerre dans M\u00e9moire 44. On d\u00e9couvre combien la victoire ne tient qu\u2019\u00e0 un fil, un choix, et combien de vies humaines elle a d\u00e9vor\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des d\u00e9s, des figurines, un plateau divis\u00e9 en trois zones<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pour cr\u00e9er ce jeu de guerre destin\u00e9 \u00e0 un (relativement) large public, il fallait un sp\u00e9cialiste du genre. Ce sera Richard Borg. Cet auteur am\u00e9ricain n\u00e9 en 1948 a commenc\u00e9 par cr\u00e9er des jeux de strat\u00e9gie historique\u2026 mais sa premi\u00e8re \u0153uvre publi\u00e9e sera Doubter\u2019s Dice, qu\u2019il produit d\u2019abord tout seul, en 1985, \u00e0 un millier d\u2019exemplaires, parce que son cercle d\u2019amis l\u2019adore. Il vend d\u2019abord ses d\u00e9s dans des foires du Midwest\u2026 Puis c\u00e8de le b\u00e9b\u00e9 \u00e0 Milton Bradley (MB) qui le sort \u00e0 plus large \u00e9chelle en 1987 sous le nom de Liar\u2019s Dice. En 1993, F.-X. Schmid l\u2019importe en Europe et le rebaptise Bluff. Et Bluff remporte le Spiel des Jahres ! Ce ne sera pas la derni\u00e8re fois que ce jeu de chance (et de gobelets) changera de nom, puisqu\u2019on le conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui sous le nom de Dudo et surtout Perudo ! Doubter\u2019sDice-Liar\u2019sDice-Bluff-Perudo mis \u00e0 part, Richard Borg reste un sp\u00e9cialiste du jeu de strat\u00e9gie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son fait d\u2019armes reste le fameux \u00ab Commands and Colors System \u00bb qu\u2019il inaugure en 2000 avec Battle Cry (dont l\u2019action se passe durant la Guerre de S\u00e9cession). Commands and Colors marque un vrai tournant dans sa carri\u00e8re. Il affinera son principe dans ses cr\u00e9ations successives et l\u2019adaptera dans des univers tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents : la reconstitution historique (Napoleonics, Samurai Battles\u2026), la fantasy (Battlelore) mais aussi la pop culture (Battle of Westeros, inspir\u00e9 par Game of Thrones).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le principe de Commands and Colors simplifie r\u00e9ellement la prise en mains des jeux de strat\u00e9gie militaire. Il combine un deck de cartes de commandement (qui d\u00e9limitent soit des espaces du plateau de jeu o\u00f9 des unit\u00e9s s\u2019activent soit des actions tactiques) et des d\u00e9s de bataille, qui d\u00e9terminent les assauts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e9moire 44 adopte ce principe et l\u2019affine. Il se joue \u00e0 deux, chacun des adversaires incarnant un camp et pla\u00e7ant ses figurines sur le plateau, selon une disposition d\u00e9finie par le sc\u00e9nario. Le but des joueurs est de r\u00e9colter des m\u00e9dailles, qui correspondent \u00e0 de petites victoires. Ce jeu de strat\u00e9gie, que l\u2019on pourrait qualifier de \u00ab classique \u00bb parce qu\u2019il est intemporel, se r\u00e9v\u00e8le r\u00e9ellement moderne parce qu\u2019il r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 proposer une m\u00e9canique simple et fluide, des parties courtes\u2026 et surtout propose des sc\u00e9narios de bataille m\u00e9ticuleusement reconstitu\u00e9s. C\u2019est pour cette raison d\u2019ailleurs que l\u2019auteur n\u2019a aucun scrupule \u00e0 d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibrer les forces : dans certains de ces combats, les bellig\u00e9rants ne partaient pas n\u00e9cessairement \u00e0 armes \u00e9gales. Les mises en place respectent ces faits historiques. On peut d\u00e9marrer une partie de M\u00e9moire 44 avec des fantassins, face \u00e0 un adversaire qui d\u00e9ploie des tanks. Et ce n\u2019est pas grave ! Le ressort, le plaisir et l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat du jeu sont l\u00e0 : la th\u00e9matique autorise le d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre, au nom de la coh\u00e9rence. On \u00e9vite la frustration, parce que le jeu propose d\u2019inverser les r\u00f4les \u00e0 la fin d\u2019un sc\u00e9nario de ce type et de refaire une partie depuis l\u2019autre camp.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ce 6 juin, nous c\u00e9l\u00e9brons les 80 ans du D\u00e9barquement de Normandie. Et les 20 ans de M\u00e9moire 44. Retour sur l\u2019histoire du jeu de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui rencontre l\u2019Histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6154,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[108,109,110,111],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nM\u00e9moire 44, 20 ans, 80 ans d\u2019Histoire - Days of Wonder: Play different.\u2122<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.daysofwonder.com\/fr\/games-news\/memoire-44-20-ans-80-ans-dhistoire\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"M\u00e9moire 44, 20 ans, 80 ans d\u2019Histoire\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ce 6 juin, nous c\u00e9l\u00e9brons les 80 ans du D\u00e9barquement de Normandie. 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